I loko o nā ʻōnaehana mālama wai maʻamau, ʻo nā flocculants i hoʻohana nui ʻia he mau paʻakai alumini a me nā paʻakai hao, ʻo nā paʻakai alumini i koe i loko o ka wai i mālama ʻia e hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino kanaka, a ʻo nā paʻakai hao i koe e hoʻopilikia i ke kala o ka wai, a pēlā aku; i ka hapa nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo, he paʻakikī ke lanakila i nā pilikia haumia lua e like me ka nui o ka sludge a me ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka sludge. No laila, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi huahana kūlohelohe ʻaʻole e hoʻoulu i ka haumia lua i ke kaiapuni e pani i ka paʻakai alumini a me nā flocculants paʻakai hao ka pono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻomohala hoʻomau i kēia lā. Ua huki nui nā flocculants polymer kūlohelohe i ka nānā ʻana i waena o nā flocculants he nui ma muli o kā lākou mau kumu waiwai maka he nui, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ke koho maikaʻi, ka liʻiliʻi o ka dosage, ka palekana a me ka ʻawaʻawa ʻole, a me ka biodegradation piha. Ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua puka mai kahi nui o nā flocculants polymer kūlohelohe me nā waiwai a me nā hoʻohana like ʻole, i waena o ia mau mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ka starch, lignin, chitosan a me ka glue mea kanu.
ʻO ChitosanNā Waiwai
He ʻano keʻokeʻo amorphous, translucent flaky solid ʻo Chitosan, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa, ʻo ia ka huahana deacetylation o chitin. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo chitosan he chitosan ke wehe ʻia ka hui N-acetyl i loko o chitin ma mua o 55%. ʻO Chitin ka ʻāpana nui o nā exoskeletons o nā holoholona a me nā pepeke, a ʻo ia ka lua o ka hui organik kūlohelohe nui loa ma ka honua ma hope o ka cellulose. Ma ke ʻano he flocculant, he kūlohelohe ka chitosan, ʻaʻohe ʻawahia a hiki ke palaho. Nui nā hui hydroxyl, nā hui amino a me kekahi mau hui N-acetylamino i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ke kaulahao macromolecular o chitosan, hiki ke hana i nā polyelectrolytes cationic me ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā hopena acidic, a hiki nō hoʻi ke hana i nā ʻano like me ka pūnaewele ma o nā pilina hydrogen a i ʻole nā pilina ionic. Nā molekala paʻa, no laila e hoʻopilikino a wehe i nā ion metala kaumaha ʻawahia a ʻino. He nui nā hoʻohana o Chitosan a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa, ʻaʻole wale i ka lole, ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ka hana pepa, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka meaʻai, ka ʻoihana kemika, ka biology a me ka mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe he nui nā waiwai noi, akā i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion exchangers, membrane preparations, etc. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Chitosan e ka US Environmental Protection Agency ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe no ka wai inu ma muli o kona mau pono kūikawā i nā noi hoʻolako wai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia oʻO Chitosanma ka mālama wai
(1) Wehe i nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kino wai. I loko o ka wai maoli, lilo ia i ʻōnaehana colloid i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma muli o ke ola ʻana o ka bacteria lepo, a pēlā aku. Ma ke ʻano he polymer cationic kaulahao lōʻihi, hiki i ka chitosan ke pāʻani i nā hana pālua o ka neutralization uila a me ka coagulation a me ka adsorption a me ke bridging, a he hopena coagulation ikaika i nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka alum kuʻuna a me ka polyacrylamide e like me nā flocculants, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena wehewehe ʻana o chitosan. Ua aʻo ʻo RAVID et al. i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka flocculation o ka hoʻolaha wai kaolin hoʻokahi i ka wā he 5-9 ka waiwai pH chitosan, a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka flocculation e ka waiwai pH, a ʻo ka waiwai pH kūpono o ka wehe ʻana i ka turbidity he 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka turbidity ma mua o 90%, a ʻoi aku ka coarse a me ka wikiwiki o nā flocs i hana ʻia, a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka manawa sedimentation flocculation holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 1h; akā i ka wā e emi ai a piʻi paha ka waiwai pH, e emi ana ka pono o ka flocculation, e hōʻike ana i loko o kahi pae pH haiki loa, hiki i ka chitosan ke hana i ka polymerization maikaʻi me nā ʻāpana kaolin. Ua ʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka wā e mālama ʻia ai ka flocculated bentonite suspension me chitosan, ua ākea ka pae waiwai pH kūpono. No laila, i ka wā e loaʻa ai i ka wai turbid nā ʻāpana e like me kaolin, pono e hoʻohui i kahi nui kūpono o ka bentonite ma ke ʻano he coagulant e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka polymerization okitosanma nā ʻāpana. Ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻo RAVID et al.
Inā he humus i loko o ke kaolin a i ʻole ka titanium dioxide suspension, he mea maʻalahi ke flocculate a hoʻokahe iā ia me ka chitosan, no ka mea, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka humus i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana, a maʻalahi ka humus e hoʻoponopono i ka waiwai pH. Ua hōʻike nō ʻo Chitosan i nā waiwai flocculation maikaʻi loa no nā kino wai kūlohelohe me ka turbidity a me ka alkalinity like ʻole.
(2) Wehe i ka limu a me nā bacteria mai ke kino wai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka kekahi poʻe ma waho e aʻo i ka adsorption a me ka flocculation o chitosan ma nā ʻōnaehana colloid biological e like me ka limu a me nā bacteria. Loaʻa iā Chitosan kahi hopena wehe i ka limu wai maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella a me ka limu uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina no ka limu wai maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana ma ka pH o 7; no ka limu kai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pH. ʻO ka nui kūpono o ka chitosan e pili ana i ka nui o ka limu i loko o ke kino wai. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka limu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka chitosan e pono e hoʻohui ʻia, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka chitosan e hana i ka flocculation a me ka ua. wikiwiki. Hiki i ka turbidity ke ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka limu. Ke 7 ka waiwai pH, 5mg/Lkitosanhiki ke wehe i ka 90% o ka turbidity i loko o ka wai, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka algae, ʻoi aku ka coarse o nā ʻāpana floc a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana sedimentation.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokolokolo microscopic ua hōʻuluʻulu wale ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia nā limu i wehe ʻia e ka flocculation a me ka sedimentation, a aia nō i loko o ke kūlana paʻa a hana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hana ka chitosan i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻano i loko o ka wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i mālama ʻia no ka mahi ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole like me nā flocculants synthetic ʻē aʻe no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. He paʻakikī ke ʻano wehe o ka chitosan ma nā bacteria. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka flocculation o Escherichia coli me chitosan, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ʻano bridging kaulike ʻole ke ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana flocculation, a hana ka chitosan i nā pilina hydrogen ma nā ʻōpala cell. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe ʻo ka pono o ka flocculation chitosan o E. coli ʻaʻole ia e pili wale i ka chargeability o ka dielectric akā i kona ana hydraulic.
(3) Wehe i ke koena alumini a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai inu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paʻakai alumini a me nā flocculants polyaluminum i nā kaʻina hana mālama wai paipa, akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā flocculants paʻakai alumini hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka alumini i loko o ka wai inu. ʻO ke koena alumini i loko o ka wai inu he mea weliweli nui ia i ke olakino kanaka. ʻOiai he pilikia koʻikoʻi ko ka chitosan i ke koena wai, no ka mea, he aminopolysaccharide alkaline ʻona ʻole ia, ʻaʻole e hōʻeha ke koena i ke kino kanaka, a hiki ke wehe ʻia i ke kaʻina hana mālama ma hope. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o ka chitosan a me nā flocculants inorganic e like me ka polyaluminum chloride hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ke koena alumini. No laila, i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu, loaʻa i ka chitosan nā pono i hiki ʻole i nā flocculants polymer organik synthetic ʻē aʻe ke pani.
Ka Hoʻohana ʻana o Chitosan i ka Hana ʻana i ka Wai ʻŌpala
(1) Wehe i nā iona metala. ʻO ke kaulahao molekala okitosana loaʻa i kāna mau derivatives kahi nui o nā hui amino a me nā hui hydroxyl, no laila he hopena chelating kona ma nā ion metala he nui, a hiki ke hoʻopili pono a hopu paha i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o ka hopena. Ua hōʻike ʻo Catherine A. Eiden a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua hiki i ka hiki ke adsorption o chitosan iā Pb2+ a me Cr3+ (ma ke anakahi o chitosan) i ka 0.2 mmol/g a me 0.25 mmol/g, kēlā me kēia, a he mana adsorption ikaika. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Zhang Ting'an et al. i ka chitosan deacetylated e wehe i ke keleawe ma o ka flocculation. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā he 8.0 ka waiwai pH a ʻo ka nui o nā ion keleawe i loko o ka hāpana wai ma lalo o 100 mg/L, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ke keleawe ma mua o 99%; ʻO ka nui o ka nui he 400mg/L, a ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā ion keleawe i loko o ke koena wai e kū mau ana i ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu wai ʻino aupuni. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe i ka wā i pH = 5.0 a ʻo 2h ka manawa adsorption, hiki i ka helu wehe ʻana o chitosan i Ni2+ i loko o ka wai ʻōpala nickel adsorption kemika hiki ke hōʻea i 72.25%.
(2) E mālama i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe me ka nui o ka protein e like me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe meaʻai. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe e loaʻa ana ka nui o nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Loaʻa i ka molekole chitosan ka hui amide, ka hui amino a me ka hui hydroxyl. Me ka protonation o ka hui amino, hōʻike ia i ke kuleana o ka polyelectrolyte cationic, ʻaʻole wale ka hopena chelating i nā metala kaumaha, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke flocculate a adsorb i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i loko o ka wai. Hiki i ka Chitin a me ka chitosan ke hana i nā paʻakikī ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen me nā protein, nā waikawa amino, nā waikawa momona, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Fang Zhimin et al.kitosan, alumini sulfate, ferric sulfate a me ka polypropylene phthalamide e like me nā flocculants e hoʻihoʻi i ka protein mai ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kai. Hiki ke loaʻa ka helu hoʻihoʻi protein kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka mālamalama effluent. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawahia ka chitosan ponoʻī a ʻaʻohe haumia lua, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana hou i nā mea pono e like me ka protein a me ka starch i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe mai nā hale hana meaʻai no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano he meaʻai holoholona.
(3) Ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana. ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana e pili ana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka pulupulu, ka hulu hipa, ka fiber kemika a me nā huahana lole ʻē aʻe i ke kaʻina hana o ka mālama mua ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana. Loaʻa pinepine ia i nā paʻakai, nā surfactants organik a me nā dyes, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī, chroma nui a me COD kiʻekiʻe. , a hoʻomohala i ke ala o ka anti-oxidation a me ka anti-biodegradation, he mea ʻino loa ia i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. Loaʻa iā Chitosan nā hui amino a me nā hui hydroxyl, a he hopena adsorption ikaika i nā dyes, me: ka adsorption kino, ka adsorption kemika a me ka adsorption hoʻololi ion, ʻo ia hoʻi ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen, ka huki electrostatic, ka hoʻololi ion, ka ikaika van der Waals, ka pilina hydrophobic, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. hopena. I ka manawa like, aia ka nui o nā hui amino mua i loko o ka hoʻonohonoho molekala o chitosan, kahi e hana ai i kahi mea hoʻohui polymer maikaʻi loa ma o nā pilina hoʻohui, hiki ke hoʻohuihui i nā dyes i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻaʻole ia e hana i ka haumia lua.
(4) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka sludge. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai kūlanakauhale e hoʻohana i ka polyacrylamide cationic e mālama i ka sludge. Ua hōʻike ka hana he hopena flocculation maikaʻi kēia mea hana a he maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohemo i ka sludge, akā ʻo kona koena, ʻoiai ka acrylamide monomer, he carcinogen ikaika. No laila, he hana koʻikoʻi loa ia e ʻimi i kona pani. He mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe sludge maikaʻi ʻo Chitosan, e kōkua ana i ka hana ʻana i nā micelles bacteria sludge i hoʻāla ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā mea organik i loko o ka hopena, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaʻina hana sludge i hoʻāla ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻaʻole wale ka hopena maopopo o ka flocculant composite polyaluminum chloride/chitosan i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe sludge, akā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi PAC a i ʻole chitosan, hiki mua ke kū'ē kikoʻī sludge i kahi haʻahaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka kānana. He wikiwiki a he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi; Eia kekahi, ʻekolu ʻano carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan a me O-carboxymethyl chitosan) i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka flocculant i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ka hana hoʻoheheʻe wai o ka sludge, a ua ʻike ʻia he ikaika nā flocs i hoʻokumu ʻia a ʻaʻole maʻalahi e uhaʻi, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka flocculant ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka sludge ma mua o nā flocculants maʻamau.
ʻO Chitosana ua waiwai nui nā mea i loaʻa mai i kāna mau mea i loaʻa mai, kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawahia, hiki ke palaho, a he mau waiwai like ʻole i ka manawa like. He mau mea mālama wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo lākou. ʻO kāna mea maka, ʻo chitin, ka lua o ka hui organik kūlohelohe nui loa ma ka honua. No laila, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka chitosan i ka mālama wai. Ma ke ʻano he polymer kūlohelohe e hoʻolilo i ka ʻōpala i waiwai, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo chitosan ma nā ʻano he nui, akā aia nō kahi hakahaka o ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā huahana kūloko i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina holomua ʻē aʻe. Me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi ʻana ma chitosan a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa mai, ʻoiai ka chitosan i hoʻololi ʻia me nā waiwai synthesis maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai noi. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻenehana noi o chitosan i ka mālama wai a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana pili kaiapuni o nā mea i loaʻa mai chitosan me ka laulā noi ākea e loaʻa ka waiwai mākeke ākea a me nā manaʻolana noi.
ʻO Quitosano, nā mea hana chitosan, mua chitosan, chitosan hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā hoʻohana chitosan, ke kumukūʻai o chitosan, ka mahiʻai chitosan, ke kumukūʻai chitosan no kg, chitin chitosan, kūʻai quitosano, nā huahana mahiʻai chitosan, ke kumukūʻai pauka chitosan, ka mea hoʻohui chitosan, chitosan no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo, chitosan oligosaccharide, chitosan hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, chitin a me chitosan, ke kumukūʻai chitosan ma pakistan, chitosan antimicrobial, ʻokoʻa chitin chitosan, ke kumukūʻai pauka chitosan, ke crosslinking chitosan, ka solubility chitosan i ka ethanol, chitosan no ke kūʻai aku ʻana ma philippines, chitosan thailand, hoʻohana chitosan i ka mahiʻai, ke kumukūʻai chitosan no kg, nā pono chitosan, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe chitosan, ka viscosity chitosan, nā papa chitosan, Chitosan, ke kumukūʻai chitosan, Chitosan Powder, chitosan hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, Chitosan Soluble, chitin chitosan, nā noi chitosan, Chitin, Hoʻokipa mākou iā ʻoe e kipa i kā mākou hui a me ka hale hana a hōʻike kā mākou lumi hōʻikeʻike i nā huahana a me nā hoʻonā like ʻole e hoʻokō i kāu mau manaʻolana. I kēia manawa, he mea kūpono ke kipa aku i kā mākou pūnaewele. E hoʻāʻo kā mākou limahana kūʻai aku i kā lākou mea maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i nā lawelawe maikaʻi loa. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aku, mai kānalua ekāhea iā mā˚ouma o ka leka uila, ka fax a i ʻole ke kelepona.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-09-2022